Understanding Infertility: Common Causes in Men and Women

Infertility is a deeply personal and often overwhelming journey for many couples in India and across the world. For generations, the idea of family has been central to Indian society, and when conception does not happen naturally, it can bring with it not just medical challenges but also emotional, cultural, and social pressures. The good news is that advances in medicine, better awareness, and more open conversations around reproductive health are changing how people approach infertility today.

This blog will help you understand what infertility means, the common causes in both men and women, and how couples can seek the right support and treatment.

What Is Infertility?

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after trying for at least 12 months with regular, unprotected intercourse. In India, infertility is more common than many realise, with studies suggesting that around 10 to 15 percent of couples face challenges in conceiving. It is important to remember that infertility is not just a woman’s issue. Men, too, play an equal role, and in many cases, both partners may need medical evaluation.

Infertility in Women: Common Causes

Women may experience infertility due to several factors that affect ovulation, egg quality, or the reproductive system. Some of the most common causes include:

1. Ovulation Disorders

Problems with ovulation account for a large percentage of female infertility cases. Conditions such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), thyroid imbalances, and hormonal irregularities can prevent the release of a mature egg each month. Without proper ovulation, conception cannot take place.

2. Blocked Fallopian Tubes

Fallopian tubes play a vital role in carrying the egg from the ovary to the uterus. If they are blocked due to pelvic infections, tuberculosis of the genital tract, or complications from past surgeries, the sperm and egg cannot meet. This is a common issue for many women in India.

3. Endometriosis

Endometriosis occurs when tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside it, causing pain and sometimes affecting fertility. It may lead to scarring and adhesions that interfere with the functioning of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.

4. Age-Related Decline

As women get older, especially after the age of 35, the number and quality of eggs naturally decline. In India, where many couples are choosing to marry and plan families later in life, age-related infertility is becoming increasingly common.

5. Lifestyle Factors

Obesity, being underweight, high stress, poor diet, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake can also contribute to female infertility. Modern urban lifestyles have led to a rise in such cases, making lifestyle modification an important part of fertility care.

Infertility in Men: Common Causes

Male infertility is equally common, though often less spoken about due to social stigma. Some of the most frequent causes include:

1. Low Sperm Count

One of the main reasons for male infertility is a low sperm count. This can be due to genetic issues, hormonal problems, infections, or lifestyle factors.

2. Poor Sperm Motility or Shape

Sometimes, the number of sperm may be adequate, but their ability to swim (motility) or their structure (morphology) may not be normal, making it difficult for them to fertilise the egg.

3. Varicocele

This condition involves swollen veins in the scrotum, which can affect sperm production and quality. It is treatable and is one of the most common reversible causes of male infertility.

4. Hormonal Imbalances

Problems in the production of hormones that regulate sperm production, such as testosterone, can also contribute to infertility.

5. Lifestyle Factors and Environmental Exposure

Excessive smoking, alcohol use, drug abuse, obesity, high stress levels, or prolonged exposure to heat, radiation, or certain chemicals can harm sperm health. In India’s urban centres, sedentary lifestyles and work stress play a significant role in declining male fertility.

When Should Couples Seek Help?

Couples who have been trying to conceive for over a year without success should consult a fertility specialist. Women above 35 may consider seeking help earlier, after six months of trying. Both partners should undergo evaluation, as infertility is often a shared issue. Timely medical guidance can improve chances of successful treatment.

Treatment Options Available in India

The field of reproductive medicine in India has advanced significantly, offering hope to many couples. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:

• Lifestyle Modifications such as diet changes, exercise, stress management, and quitting smoking.
• Medications to correct hormonal imbalances or stimulate ovulation.
• Surgical Options for blocked tubes, fibroids, or varicocele.
• Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) such as Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) and In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), which are widely available in India today.
• Advanced Techniques like Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), donor programs, or fertility preservation for specific cases.

Emotional and Social Aspects

Infertility is not only a medical condition but also an emotional journey. Many couples in India face societal pressure, insensitive comments, and even isolation. It is important for partners to support each other, seek counselling if needed, and remember that infertility is common and treatable in many cases. Breaking the silence around infertility is as important as medical treatment itself.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Is Infertility Only A Woman’s Problem?

No. Infertility can affect both men and women. In fact, about 40 percent of cases are due to male factors, 40 per cent due to female factors, and the remaining involve both partners or unexplained causes.

2. Can Lifestyle Changes Improve Fertility?

Yes. A balanced diet, maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, reducing stress, and avoiding smoking or alcohol can significantly improve fertility for both men and women.

3. Does Age Really Affect Fertility?

Yes. Women’s fertility declines sharply after 35, while men may also experience a gradual decline in sperm quality as they age.

4. What Is The First Step If We Are Unable To Conceive?

The first step is to consult a gynaecologist or fertility specialist. They will run basic tests such as semen analysis for men and ovulation assessment for women before suggesting further treatment.

5. Are Fertility Treatments in India Successful?

Yes. Success depends on factors like age, cause of infertility, and overall health. With modern technologies such as IVF and ICSI, many couples are able to conceive successfully.

Consult Dr. Harkiran Wasson at Kiran Medicare Hospital for Expert Fertility Care

Infertility is a sensitive topic, but it is important to understand that it is a medical condition and not something to be ashamed of. Both men and women can face challenges in conceiving, and with timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many couples in India are now able to achieve their dream of parenthood. Awareness, support, and openness to seeking help are the first steps towards overcoming infertility.

If you and your partner are facing challenges conceiving, Dr. Harkiran Wasson, MBBS, M.S. (Obs & Gynae), provides comprehensive evaluation, advanced fertility treatments, and personalised care for both men and women at Kiran Medicare Hospital.

Book your consultation today at Kiran Medicare Hospital and take the first step towards achieving your dream of parenthood!